APA Style: References
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Core Elements for Journal articles |
Core Elements for Books |
Core Elements for Electronic Sources |
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Author(s) |
Author(s) |
Author(s) |
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Year of Publication |
Year of Publication |
Date of Publication |
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Article Title |
Title of Book |
Title of page |
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Journal Title |
Publisher Name |
Website name |
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Volume & issue information |
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Page numbers |
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Retrieval Information (DOI or URL) |
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URL |
GENERAL FORMAT FOR TYPES OF SOURCES
Articles from Journals found in databases: EBSCO Discovery Service or EBSCOhost, PubMed Central
Author’s Last Name, Initial of First Name, Middle Initial. (Publication Date). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume(issue),page range. https.//doi OR webaddress/permalink/link
EBSCO and EBSCOHost Example:
Post, P. B., Grybush, A. L., Elmadani, A., & Lockhart, C. E. (2020). Fostering resilience in classrooms through child–teacher relationship training. International Journal of Play Therapy, 29(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000107
PubMed Central Example:
Herzallah, H. K., Antonisamy, B. R., Shafee, M. H., & Al-Otaibi, S. T. (2019). Temporal trends in the incidence and demographics of cancers, communicable diseases, and noncommunicable diseases in Saudi Arabia over the last decade. Saudi Medical Journal, 40(3), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.3.23585
Websites and sources on websites
Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of document. Website. Electronic address
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), pages if available. DOI. (If the DOI is not available, use the URL.)
Books
Author’s Last Name, Initial of First Name, Middle Initial. (Publication Date). Title of
book. Publisher.
Example:
Foxman, A. H. & Wolf, C. (2013). Viral hate: Containing its spread on the Internet.
Palgrave Macmillan.
GENERAL FORMAT FOR CITATION PARTS
Author(s) or Editor(s)
FORMAT Author: Last Name, Initial of First Name. Middle Initial. Ex: Loomis, E. N.
FORMAT Editor: Last name, Initial of First Name. Middle Initial. (Ed.).
FORMAT Editors: Last name, Initial of First Name. Middle Initial. & Last name, Initial of
First Name. Middle Initial. (Eds). Ex: Loomis, E. N. & Davidson, S. (Eds.)
General Rules for Multiple Authors can be found on page 4 of the APA Citation Handout
All journal articles will only have authors.
Books can have authors or editors. Generally, the Ed. designation will appear when there are editors.
Websites can have authors that are companies or organizations. Not all websites have authors.
Titles of Books, Articles, Journals, Websites, or Page from a Website
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Type of Source |
Capitalize |
Italicize |
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Book title |
Only the first word, proper nouns and acronyms |
Yes |
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Article title (Journals) |
Only the first word, proper nouns and acronyms |
NO |
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Journal titles |
All major words |
Yes |
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Page from a website |
Only the first word, proper nouns and acronyms |
Yes |
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Website title |
All major words |
NO |
(Publication date)
FORMAT: (year, month day of month) in parentheses
*May only have a year
Example: (2020, November 16)
Publisher: Books ONLY
Books: this information is usually on the first page of the book with the title
Example: Wiley
Volume, Issue, and page number Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
FORMAT: volume(issue number), page numbers.
Volume is in italics
Example: 100(19), 26-42.
Electronic address for sources found in a database or online
DOI for the article, usually displayed in the citation tool for each database.
May also be found in the web address in the address bar.
Example:
PMC: doi: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11181
EBSCO: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252882